Hiv And Aids A Member Of The Lentivirus Family - 1330 Words

HIV-1 and AIDS Overall HIV is a member of the lentivirus family. There are two types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. Although both types infect cells in similar ways and appear to cause clinically indistinguishable AIDS, studies showed that HIV-1 is the predominant virus type. Infections of HIV-2 are: 1) rarely found outside of West Africa (de Silva et al., 2008), and 2) seldom progressed to AIDS or lead to HAND (Rowland-Jones and Whittle, 2007). On the other hand, more than 34 million individuals were infected by HIV-1 by the end of 2009 (UNAIDS, 2010). Currently, four strains of HIV-1 have been identified: the major group M, the outlier group O and two new groups N and P. At least 9 genetically distinct subtypes, designated as clades A, B, C,†¦show more content†¦This binding induces a conformational change in gp120, which exposes its binding site to its cellular co-receptors. CCR5 and CXCR4, two receptors first identified as CC- and CXC- chemokine receptors, respectively, are the most reported co-rece ptors for HIV infection. Other chemokine receptors, including CCR2, CCR3, and CX3CR1 have also been reported to be utilized by HIV as co-receptors (He et al., 1997; Garin et al., 2003; Puissant et al., 2003). The Interaction between gp120 and these co-receptors triggers further conformational change and the insertion of HIV-1 gp41 into the host cell membrane, which initiates the fusion of the membranes and eventually leads to entry of the virus genome and proteins. Once the host cell is infected, the viral reverse transcriptase makes viral DNA using its RNA genome template. The newly synthesized viral DNA binds to the viral protein integrase and some host proteins to form the pre-integration complex, which then translocate to the nucleus, integrate to the host genome, and form the provirus. Infected cells can either be latent, or actively transcribe and produce virus and viral proteins such as Tat, gp120, Nef and Vpr. The first case of HIV infection in the United States can be dated back to the 1970s, and AIDS was reported in New York and California in the 1980s. By 1983, approximately 3000 AIDS patients had been reported and 1000 patients had died (Berkson, 1990). Over 33 million

The Effects Of Realized Profiles In The Reconstruction...

A constant regularisation parameter (ÃŽ »=1e-28) and DF operator matrix was used throughout the reconstruction process. This is mainly to allow evaluate only the effects of data errors on the reconstructed profiles by maintaining all other parameters constant. Figure 6.8 (a) show the reconstructed profiles of the simulated graphite brick using the six replicated data sets each contaminated with different level of errors. As it would be expected the most representative reconstruction of the true profile is obtained when the smallest amount error is applied on the replicated data (1 % error). Similar trend can also be seen in figure 6.8 (b), where the objective function settles at a lowest value for the solution corresponding to the data with†¦show more content†¦This can be clearly seen in figure 6.8 (d) where the profiles are reconstructed using the data consisting 4 % and 5 % multi-crossing errors, which show much more accuracy than the profiles reconstructed using the rep licated data with identical amounts of errors. One of the reasons that the multi-crossing errors produced better accuracy could be due to the constant distributions of the errors at each frequency points allowing the algorithm to fit the curves with reasonable degree of accuracy compared with the replicated data. Although these types of errors are not normally expected within the problem considered in this thesis, these results reveal that the accuracy of the reconstructed profiles depends upon both the amount of error and the error distributions on the data. The fact that the reconstructed solutions using the replicated data (figure 6.8 (a)) moved away from the true profile as the levels of data error are increased, and still continued to show reduction in objective function also suggests that the algorithm might have been trapped in local minimum. This means additional priori information may need to be incorporated within the algorithm to constrain the solution around the true profile, in particular in the situations where the replicated calibration error is more than 2% of the original data. Nevertheless, the estimated near bore conductivity solution of the replicated data showShow MoreRelatedNanotechnology Essay716 Words   |  3 PagesNanotechnology is widely used in many industrial areas such as, computing, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, textile industries and many more. The major challenge is not only to make these materials smaller in size in order to store or process more information but also to optimize the synthesis process. 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The essay is a longitudinal study that seeks to understand the impact of globalization onRead MoreThe Responses of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to the Present Debt Crisis3818 Words   |  15 Pages(www.IMF.org). The World Bank is a powerful funding source that provides low-interest loans, interest-free credits, and grants to developing countries (World Bank). There are two components to the World Bank: a) the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), and b) the International Development Association (IDA). The IBRD zeros in on middle-income nations and poor nations that have good credit and the IDA focuses †¦exclusively on the worlds poorest countries (World Bank)

Business Operation of a Travel Agency-Free-Sample for Students

Question: Discuss about the usage and value of Information and Communication Technology in the everyday Business operation of a travel agency. Answer: Travel agency includes private retailers that provide facilities to the customers related to the travel and tourism on the behalf of the suppliers. Information and communication technology has usage and value in the travel agency for the daily operations. The increase in the usage of the internet by the people made the companies to use the internet in their working. ICT brings change in the professional as well in the personal lives. The travel booking system is changed with the emergence of the ICT. Everyday business operations are possible because of the use of the information and communication technology (Yiu, Law, 2016). Below given are some of the value and usage of the ICT in daily operations of a travel agency. Coordination- Advance information and communication technology provided a wide scope to the travel agency. With the help of internet connections, the travel agency can easily coordinate with the customers as well as with the business partners. Agency can give the details related their travel by communicating them (Pappas, 2015). Apart from proper coordination, the speed of information transfer will also improve. Organization working- Computers, hardware, and software help the travel agency in the working. ITC advanced age brought software and computers with the help of which travel agency can store data on daily basis. Enterprise-level software like Unit4's Central Command permits travel agency to manage the business data, this brings efficiency in the working of the travel agency. The booking process is taken care by the agencies with the use of ICT. Video text system is used by the UK 97% Travel agents (International Federation for IT and Travel Tourism, 2017). Online booking- Travel companies are selling their travel package on the online website. This might bring a decline in the business of the travel agencies. Though, Questex travel group said that still 55% of the airline travel bookings, 73% of the package travel bookings and 77% of the cruise bookings are possible because of the travel agencies. This is possible because of the adaptation and implementation of the advanced technologies. Value added to service- Travel agencies are preferred by the customer because nowadays these agencies are adding value to the services. Travel agencies try to bring improvement in the user experience. GPS tracking technology builds the trust of the customers on the travel agencies. Many companies use GPS tracking not only in travel but also in transportation for the daily purpose. Technology supports agencies to track the customer's activities with the help of the CRM system and Personalize service. Australian travel agencies provide a mode of sharing feedback with the customers through which agencies will be able to identify the problems (Meriague, 2014). Then, agencies can take corrective steps to improve the services. Turnover increases- Travel agencies turnover increased after using the updated technology. Agencies used CRSs/GDSs increase the productivity of the travel agencies. For example- In Germany, travel agencies introduced the German START system could lesser their traditional communication charges- 22% and increased their turnover- 17% (International Federation for IT and Travel Tourism, 2017). Computer Reservation Systems and global distribution system is part of the daily Operating's of the travel agencies. References International Federation for IT and Travel Tourism. (2017). Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism. Viewed on 2nd August 2017, https://www.ifitt.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/ICTs-in-Tour-Operators-and-Travel-Agencies.pdf Meriague, O.E., (2014). The Role of ICT in the Tourism Industry. Viewed on 2nd August 2017, https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2014/01/121365/the-role-of-ict-in-the-tourism-industry/ Pappas, N. (2015). Internet use and destination preferences: evidence from Crete and Cyprus. In Strategic Infrastructure Development for Economic Growth and Social Change (pp. 218-236). IGI Global. Yiu, M., Law, R. (2016). Technological impacts on knowledge sharing: A case study of three travel agencies in Hong Kong. Tourism Recreation Research, 41(1), 2-15.

Compare Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine and Thomas free essay sample

Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson based on our readings and discussions in class. BY squarers Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson all had similar values and ideas about America concerning politics and Its economy. They all also had a knack for getting people to follow them. Benjamin Franklin, who had only died about 30 years before William Culled Bryant wrote To Cole, the Painter, Departing for Europe, seemed to express different views about America vs.. Europe in his letters.In a letter Franklin wrote to his grandson, he expressed how he wanted to return to America before his death but didnt think he would be able to. He seemed so passionate when writing about America. It was as if there was nothing better than America. We also know that Franklin was very Involved In politics and economics. He Is one of the first people we read about who was very concerned with money and how It affected status and politics. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine and Thomas or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Obviously wealth affects status In at least some aspect. Whether the wealth was measured by money or by land. It defined social class. Only people of the upper class took part in politics.Franklin was one of Americas founding fathers. He helped write the Declaration of Independence, which we still abide by today, over 200 years later. Benjamin Franklin listed 13 virtues with their precepts in one of his documents. He listed these to make sure he abided by all of them and Just these 13. One of the precepts was order. He expanded on this by making a schedule of how his business and his life should run. It listed what should be done for the day, Including when he should eat and sleep. He was definitely ahead of his time and set the standards for Americans today.Thomas Paine Instilled his Ideas onto others In Common Sense. He starts out by saying, In the following pages I offer nothing more than simple facts, plain arguments, and common sense. Just by writing this, he has already captivated the reader and forced them to see his views and Just common sense. Paine seemed to specialize in revolts and working for the ordinary person. This was Pains involvement in politics; getting the common person to see how they were oppressed and how things should change. He took action by forming revolutions. Paine felt that America should be free from British control.He stated, We have boasted the protection of Great Britain without considering that her motive was interest, not attachment; and that she did not protect us from our enemies on our account, but from her enemies on her own account, from those who had no quarrel with us on any other account, and who will always be our enemies on the same us because of their own personal reasons and when we were under attack, Britain didnt care and sequentially, they had created enemies for both places. Thomas Jefferson took part in politics as well as Franklin and Paine and was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence.Jefferson, unlike Franklin and Paine, was born into his wealth. He was never a commoner and therefore never knew what it was like to be in that position. I find it interesting that someone of his stature would be allowed to help write the Declaration of Independence which helps guide everyone including commoners. He couldnt possibly understand what would be best for them. This is probably why there are many things in the constitution that dont seem fair to an ordinary person, such as the Electoral College. This system was basically created because a regular person could not have a vote left in their hands.Although Jefferson seems like he wants independence for America, it also seems like he doesnt trust America to have this Independence. All three people that I have discussed seem to differ in their views of America vs. . Europe from Bryant. Bryant seems to be thrilled that America is based on Europe. Places such as New York and New England were almost exact replicas of the originals. Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson were trying to change the way America was to make it a better place to live. It is because of these men that America is everything it is today.

Ten managerial concepts by Jack Welch

The History of Jamestown essays

The History of Jamestown essays The New World had been founded and during the 17th century England still had no claims to any part of it. King James I established two companies, made up of merchants and adventurers, the London Company and the Plymouth Company, combined they were known as the Virginia Company. The London Company was the first company to send three ships in search of three particular things, gold, the Lost Colony of Roanoke, and a route to the South Seas. These three ships were called, the Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the Discovery. Stormy weather and high winds delayed their voyage for 6 weeks. On May 14, 1607 the three ships arrived at an island in the James River, named for their King. They landed 60 miles from the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. It had been a long and difficult journey but 105 out of 150 colonists survived. They sanctioned the island on which they landed, Jamestown. Many traditional scholars feel that the pioneers above the ship were very ill suited for the task since Captain John Smith identified half of the men as gentlemen. If they were gentlemen then what would they know about building colony? Almost immediately after landing, the colonists were attacked by the Algonquian natives. In a little over a months time the colonists had built a wooden fort to protect themselves. Jamestown was chosen because of the military advantages it supplied in case there was any warfare. It was protected on three sides by the river and marshes, it was out of sight from the Spanish, and it had a deep-water mooring for the ships. It was mostly swamp land and finding fresh water was a major problem. The first few winters in Jamestown were the hardest for the colonists. Of the 105 who landed on May 14th, only 38 survived the 1st winter. In 1608, 200 more colonists arrived followed by 400 more, a year later. During 1609-1610, the starving time, the colonists population was reduced to 60. That ...

The role of A&E physicians in health promotion with regards to Essay

The role of A&E physicians in health promotion with regards to alcohol-related problems - Essay Example Introduction: Alcohol use disorders are common conditions in clinical practice in the Accident and Emergency. It has been said that the average alcohol-dependent person decreases his or her life span by 10 to 15 years, and alcohol contributes to 22,000 deaths and 2 million nonfatal injuries each year. Of them, not infrequently, the initial encounters of many of these patients occur as presentations in the Accident and Emergency. Recent years have witnessed a blossoming of clinically relevant research regarding alcohol abuse and dependence, including information on specific genetic influences, the clinical course of these conditions, and the development of new and helpful treatments. There are many health effects that can occur with both acute and long-term or chronic use of alcohol in both males and females due to pathologic changes it can induce in several organ systems that can be permanent and irreversible. Moreover, long-term, escalating levels of alcohol intake on a habitual bas is can predispose to tolerance as well as an intense adaptation of the body to a conditioned state induced by alcohol that cessation of use can lead to a withdrawal syndrome that is usually marked by insomnia, hyperactivity of the autonomic nervous system, and feelings of intense anxiety (Department of Health, 2004, 1-6). Epidemiologic evidence suggests that the problem with alcoholism lack the stereotypical features of other substance abuse disorders mainly due to the fact that alcohol drink is considered a socially acceptable beverage, although society does not accept the excess and abuse. That which starts as a social norm may eventually turn out to be an addictive behaviour. Psychiatric manifestations apart, a history of alcoholism provides the explanation of many other health conditions that a physician may come across, more so in the Accident and Emergency, and from that point of view, awareness that